XML

Seoul Journal of Economics - Vol. 27 , No. 2

[ Article ]
Seoul Journal of Economics - Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 171-186
Abbreviation: SJE
ISSN: 1225-0279 (Print)
Print publication date 30 May 2014
Received 16 Mar 2014 Revised 27 Apr 2014 Accepted 28 Apr 2014

Firm Behavior under Consumer Loss Aversion
Sang-Hyun Kim ; Jihong Lee
Lecturer, School of Economics and the ESRC Centre for Competition Policy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK (sang-hyun.kim@uea.ac.uk)
Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-746, Korea (jihong33@gmail.com)

Funding Information ▼

JEL Classification: D03, D21, D42, D43, L12, L13, M52


Abstract

This survey aims to provide an overview of recent developments in the industrial organization literature that explores the behavior of profit-maximizing firms facing consumers with reference-dependent preferences and loss aversion. We discuss the implications of loss aversion on the practice of price discrimination, product differentiation, and incentive provision, among others. A common theme is emerging from these studies: consumer loss aversion may serve to limit the benefits from complex firm strategies that depend on the realizations of uncertainty.


Keywords: Survey, Reference-dependent preferences, Loss aversion, Personal equilibrium, Monopoly pricing, Price discrimination, Product differentiation, Agency problem

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Jong-Hee Hahn and Jinwoo Kim for their helpful comments. This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2011-327-B00094).


References
1. Abeler, J., A. Falk, L. Götte, and D. Huffman. “Reference Points and Effort Provision.” American Economic Review 101 (No. 2 2011): 470-92.
2. Bell, D. E. “Disappointment in Decision Making under Uncertainty.” Operations Research 33 (No. 1 1985): 1-27.
3. Benartzi, S., and R. H. Thaler. “Myopic Loss Aversion and the Equity Premium Puzzle.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 110 (No. 1 1995): 73-92.
4. Camerer, C. F., “Behavioral Economics.” In R. Blundell, W. K. Newey and T. Persson (eds.), Advances in Economics and Econometrics: Theory and Applications, Ninth World Congress, Vol. II, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
5. Carbajal J. C., and Ely, J. “A Model of Price Discrimination under Loss Aversion and State-Contingent Reference Points.” Mimeograph, 2013.
6. Card, D., and G. B. Dahl. “Family Violence and Football: The Effect of Unexpected Emotional Cues on Violent Behavior.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 126 (No. 1 2011): 103-43.
7. Courty, P. “An Economic Guide to Ticket Pricing in the Entertainment Industry.” Recherches Économiques de Louvain 66 (No. 2 2000): 167-92.
8. Crawford, V. P., and J. Meng. “New York City Cabdrivers’ Labor Supply Revisited: Reference-Dependent Preferences with Rational-Expectations Targets for Hours and Income.” American Economic Review 101 (No. 5 2011): 1912-32.
9. De Meza, D., and D. C. Webb. “Incentive Design under Loss Aversion.” Journal of the European Economic Association 5 (No. 1 2007): 66-92.
10. Dixit, A., and J. Stiglitz. “Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity.” American Economic Review 67 (No. 3 1977): 297-308.
11. Eisenhuth, R. “Auction Design with Loss Averse Bidders: The Optimality of All Pay Mechanisms.” Mimeograph, 2010.
12. Eliaz, K., and R. Spiegler. “Reference Dependence and Labor-Market Fluctuations.” forthcoming in NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 2013.
13. Ellison, G. “Bounded Rationality in Industrial Organization.” In R. Blundell, W. K. Newey, and T. Persson (eds.), Advances in Economics and Econometrics: Theory and Applications, Ninth World Congress, Vol. II, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
14. Ericson, K. M. M., and A. Fuster. “Expectations as Endowments: Evidence on Reference-Dependent Preferences from Exchange and Valuation Experiments.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 126 (No. 4 2011): 1879-907.
15. Genesove, D., and C. Mayer. “Loss Aversion and Seller Behavior: Evidence from the Housing Market.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 116 (No. 4 2001): 1233-60.
16. Gill, D., and V. Prowse. “A Structural Analysis of Disappointment Aversion in a Real Effort Competition.” American Economic Review 102 (No. 1 2012): 469-503.
17. Grillo, E. “Reference Dependence, Risky Projects and Credible Information Transmission.” Mimeograph, 2013.
18. Gul, F. “A Theory of Disappointment Aversion.” Econometrica 59 (No. 3 1991): 667-86.
19. Hahn, J-H., J. Kim, S-H. Kim, and J. Lee. “Price Discrimination with Loss Averse Consumers.” Mimeograph, 2014.
20. Heidhues, P., and B. Kőszegi. “The Impact of Consumer Loss Aversion on Pricing.” Mimeograph, 2005.
21. Heidhues, P., and B. Kőszegi. “Competition and Price Variation when Consumers are Loss Averse.” American Economic Review 98 (No. 4 2008): 1245-68.
22. Heidhues, P., and B. Kőszegi. “Regular Prices and Sales.” Theoretical Economics 9 (No. 1 2014): 217-51.
23. Herweg, F., and K. Mierendorff. “Uncertain Demand, Consumer Loss Aversion, and Flat-Rate Tariffs.” Journal of the European Economic Association 11 (No. 2 2013): 399-432.
24. Herweg, F., D. Müller, and P. Weinschenk. “Binary Payment Schemes: Moral Hazard and Loss Aversion.” American Economic Review 100 (No. 5 2010): 2451-77.
25. Kahneman, D. J., and A. Tversky. “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk.” Econometrica 47 (No. 2 1979): 263-91.
26. Kahneman, D., J. L. Knetsch, and R. H. Thaler. “Experimental Tests of the Endowment Effect and the Coase Theorem.” Journal of Political Economy 98 (No. 6 1990): 1325-48.
27. Karle, H., and M. Peitz. “Competition under Consumer Loss Aversion.” RAND Journal of Economics 45 (No. 1 2014): 1-31.
28. Kőszegi, B. “Behavioral Contract Theory.” forthcoming in Journal of Economic Literature, 2013.
29. Kőszegi, B., and M. Rabin. “A Model of Reference-Dependent Preferences.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 121 (No. 4 2006): 1133-65.
30. Kőszegi, B., and M. Rabin. “Reference-Dependent Risk Attitudes.” American Economic Review 97 (No. 4 2007): 1047-73.
31. Kőszegi, B., and M. Rabin. “Reference-Dependent Consumption Plans.” American Economic Review 99 (No. 3 2009): 909-36.
32. Loomes, G., and R. Sugden. “Disappointment and Dynamic Consistency in Choice under Uncertainty.” Review of Economic Studies 53 (No. 2 1986): 271-82.
33. Mazumdar, T., S. Raj, and I. Sinha. “Reference Price Research: Review and Propositions.” Journal of Marketing 69 (No. 4 2005): 84-102.
34. Mas, A. “Pay, Reference Points, and Police Performance.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 121 (No. 3 2006): 783-821.
35. Macera, R. “Intertemporal Incentives under Loss Aversion.” Mimeograph, 2012.
36. Mussa, M., and S. Rosen. “Monopoly and Product Quality.” Journal of Economic Theory 18 (No. 2 1978): 301-17.
37. Pope, D. G., and M. E. Schweitzer. “Is Tiger Woods Loss Averse? Persistent Bias in the Face of Experience, Competition, and High Stakes.” American Economic Review 101 (No. 1 2011): 129-57.
38. Rosato, A. “Selling Substitute Goods to Loss-Averse Consumers: Limited Availability, Bargains and Rip-offs.” Mimeograph, 2013.
39. Shalev, J. “Loss Aversion Equilibrium.” International Journal of Game Theory 29 (No. 2 2000): 269-87.
40. Shimer, R. “The Cyclical Behavior of Equilibrium Unemployment and Vacancies.” American Economic Review 95 (No. 1 2005): 25-49.
41. Spiegler, R. Bounded Rationality and Industrial Organization, New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
42. Spiegler, R. “Monopoly Pricing when Consumers are Antagonized by Unexpected Price Increases: A “Cover Version” of the Heidhues-Köszegi-Rabin Model.” Economic Theory 51 (No. 3 2012): 695-711.
43. Spence, A. M. “Multi-Product Quantity-Dependent Prices and Profitability Constraints.” Review of Economic Studies 47 (No. 5 1980): 821-41.
44. Sprenger, C. “An Endowment Effect for Risk: Experimental Tests of Stochastic Reference Points.” Mimeograph, 2011.
45. Thaler, R. H. “Toward a Positive Theory of Consumer Choice.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 1 (No. 1 1980): 39-60.
46. Tversky, A., and D. Kahneman. “Loss Aversion in Riskless Choice: A Reference-Dependent Model.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 106 (No. 4 1991): 1039-61.
47. Zhou, Z. “Reference Dependence and Market Competition.” Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 20 (No. 4 2011): 1073-97.