Capacities, Processes, and Feedbacks: The Complex Dynamics of Development
JEL Classification: L23, O12, O39
Abstract
The theory of complex systems applied to the evolutionary economics allows innovation to be considered not only the result of the intentional action of individual agent, but as an endogenous property of system dynamics. In this sense, innovation constitutes an emergent property of the system because it is not entirely determined on micro or macro levels, but is a result of continuous interaction between the two. At micro level the paper assumes that economic agents are endowed with intentionality in their adaptive or creative reactions that explains specific patterns of capacities and connectivity development. At macro level, processes of creative destruction, appropriation and structural change describe the evolution of the whole system. These dynamics tend to consolidate institutional frameworks that could be adverse or beneficial to innovation and that would reinforce divergent development paths. The feedbacks between micro and macro levels explain why the initial differences in development levels tend to increase between developed and developing countries.
Keywords:
Complexity, Absorption capacity, Connectivity, InnovationAcknowledgments
This paper has been presented in the 17th SJE-KERI-KIF-CEC International Symposium New Ways for Growth and Catch-up in a Changing Global Environment in October 16, 2009. We thank the comments of Keun Lee and the two discussants, Jaymin Lee and Elias Sanidas in this seminar. We also thank the comments of Cristiano Antonelli and Mario Cimoli to previous versions of this paper. The usual disclaimers apply.
References
- Aghion, Philippe, David, Paul, and Forey, Dominique. Science, Technology and Innovation for Economic Growth: Linking Policy Research and Practice in STIG Systems. MPRA Paper No. 12096, http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12096/1/MPRA_paper_12096, . pdf, 2008.
- Ahuja, Gautam. “Collaboration Networks, Structural Holes, and Innovation: A Longitudinal Study.” Administrative Science Quarterly 45 (No. 3 2000): 425-55. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2667105]
- Albornoz, Facundo, Milesi, Darío, and Yoguel, Gabriel. “Knowledge Circulation in Vertically Integrated Production Networks: The Cases of the Argentine Automotive and Iron and Steel Industries.” In Gabriela Dutrenit and Jorge Katz (eds)., Innovation, Growth and Development in Latin-America: Stylized Facts and a Policy Agenda. Vol. 7, Issue 2-3, Australia, 2005. [https://doi.org/10.5172/impp.2005.7.2-3.200]
- Albornoz, Facundo, and Yoguel, Gabriel. “Competitiveness and Production Network: The Case of the Argentine Automotive Sector.” Industrial and Corporate Change 13 (No. 4 2004): 619-42. [https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dth025]
- Alm, Hakan, and McKelvey, Maureen. When and Why Does Cooperation Positively or Negatively Affect Innovation? An Exploration into Turbulent Waters. CRIC Discussion Paper No. 39, http://cosmic.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/webcat/hwwa/edok01/cric/dp39.pdf, 2000.
- Andersen, Birgitte, and Cantwell, John. How Firms Differ in Their Types of Technological Competencies and Why It Matters. CRIC, The University of Manchester CRIC Discussion Paper No 25, 1999.
- Antonelli, Cristiano. “Percolation Processes, Technological Externalities and the Evolution of Technological Clubs.” Empirica 24 (Nos. 1-2 January 1997): 137-56.
- Antonelli, Cristiano. “Technological Knowledge as an Essential Facility.” Journal of Evolutionary Economics 17 (No. 4 August 2007): 451-71. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-007-0058-4]
- Antonelli, Cristiano. Localised Technological Change: Towards the Economics of Complexity. London and New York: Routledge, 2008. [https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203932001]
- Antonelli, Cristiano. An Introduction to the Systems Dynamics of Technological Change: The Basic Tools. LEI & BRICK - Laboratorio di Economia Dell'innovazione (Lab of Innovation Economics) ‘Franco Momigliano’ Bureau of Research in Innovation, Complexity and Knowledge, Collegio Carlo Alberto Working paper No. 5/2009, http://www.de.unito.it/web/member/segreteria/WP/Momigliano/2009/5_WP_Momigliano.pdf, 2009.
- Arthur, Brian. “Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns and Lock-in by Historical Events.” Economic Journal 99 (No. 394 1989): 116-31. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2234208]
- Arthur, Brian. “Complexity and the Economy.” Sciences 284 (No. 5411 1999): 107-9. [https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5411.107]
- Arthur, Brian, Durlauf, Steven, and Lane, David. The Economy as an Evolving Complex System II. Proceeding, Volume XXVII, 1997.
- Arza, Valeria, and López, Andrés. The Determinants of Firms’ Distant Collaboration. Evidence from Argentina 1998-2001. Paper Presented to the 12th Conference of the International Joseph A. Schumpeter Society, Río de Janeiro, July 2-5, 2008.
- Barabási, Albert-László, and Albert, Réka. “Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks.” Science 286 (No. 5439 1999): 509-12. [https://doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5439.509]
- Becattini, G. “Riflessioni Sul Distretto Culturale Marshalliano Come Concetto Sosio-economico (Reflections on Marshallian Industrial District as Socio-economic Concept).” Stato e Mercato (State and Market) (No. 25 1989): 111-28 (in Italian).
- Becker, Wolfgang, and Dietz, Jürgen. “R&D Cooperation and Innovation Activities of Firms ― Evidence for the German Manufacturing Industry.” Research Policy 33 (No. 2 2004): 209-23. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2003.07.003]
- Belderbos, Rene, Carree, Martin, and Lokshin, Boris. “Cooperative R&D and Firm Performance.” Research Policy 33 (No. 10 2004): 1477-92. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2004.07.003]
- Benavente, José, and Contreras, Dante. Cooperation Partners in Manufacture Sector, Evidence from the Fourth Chilean Innovation Survey. Paper Presented to the 12th Conference of the International Joseph A. Schumpeter Society, Río de Janeiro, July 2-5, 2008.
- Bianchi, C., Gras, N., and Sutz, Judith. Make, Buy and Cooperate in Innovation: Evidence from Uruguayan Manufacturing Surveys and Other Innovation Studies. Paper Presented to the 12th Conference of the International Joseph A. Schumpeter Society, Río de Janeiro, July 2-5, 2008.
- Bidault, Francis, Despres, Charles, and Butler, Christina. “The Drivers of Cooperation between Buyers and Suppliers for Product Innovation.” Research Policy 26 (Nos. 7-8 1998): 719-32. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(97)00034-6]
- Bisang, Roberto, Novick, Marta, Sztulwark, Sebastián, and Yoguel, Gabriel. “Las Redes de Producción y el Empleo (The Production Networks and Employment).” In Ménica Casalet, Mario Cimoli, and Gabriel Yoguel (eds.), Redes, Jerarquías y Dinámicas Productivas (Networks, Hierarchies and Production Dynamics). Buenos Aires: Miño y Dávila, OIT-Flacso México, 2005 (in Spanish).
- Borello, José, Morhorlang, Hernán, and Silva, Diego. “Economías de Aglomeración en Países Semiindustrializados. El Caso de las Tramas Automotriz y Siderúrgica en la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires Argentina (Agglomeration Economies in Semi-Industrialized Countries. The Case of the Automobile and Steel Productive Networks in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires Argentina).” Desarrollo Económico (Economic Development) 49, 2010, Forthcoming (in Spanish).
- Caloghirou, Yannis, Kastelli, Ioanna, and Tsakanikas, Aggelos. “Internal Capabilities and External Knowledge Sources: Complements or Substitutes for Innovative Performance?” Technovation 24 (No. 1 2004): 29-39. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(02)00051-2]
- Camagni, R. Innovaiton Networks: Spatial Perspectives. London: Belhaven, 1991.
- Casalet, Mónica. “Los Cambios en el Diseño Institucional y la Construcción de Redes de Modernización Tecnológica (Changes in Institutional Design and Technological Modernization Networks Building).” In Mónica Casalet, Mario Cimoli, and Gabriel Yoguel (eds.), Redes, Jerarquías y Dinámicas Productivas (Networks, Hierarchies and Production Dynamics). Buenos Aires: Miño y Dá vila, OIT-Flacso México, 2005 (in Spanish).
- Chang, Ha-Joon. Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective. London: Anthem Press, 2002.
- Chang, Ha-Joon. Qué Fue del Buen Samaritano. Naciones Ricas, Políticas Pobres (Bad Samaritans: Rich Nations, Poor Policies). Universidad Nacional de Quilmes-AEDA, Buenos Aires, 2009 (in Spanish).
- Cimoli, Mario, Dosi, Gionavi, and Stiglitz, Joseph. The Future of Industrial Policies in the New Millennium: Toward Knowledge-Centered Development Agenda. LEM Working paper series No. 19, http://www.lem.sssup.it/WPLem/files/2008-19.pdf, , 2008.
- Cimoli, Mario, Porcile, Gabriel, and Rovira, Sebastián. “Structural Change and the BOP-Constraint: Why did Latin America Fail to Converge?” Cambridge Journal of Economics 34 (No. 2 2010): 389-411. [https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/ben060]
- Cimoli, Mario, Porcile, Gabriel, Vergara, Sebastián. “Cambio Estructural, Heterogeneidad Productiva y Tecnología en América Latina (Structural Change, Technological Heterogeneity in Latin America).” In Mario Cimoli (ed.), Heterogeneidad Estructural, Asimetrías Tecnológicas y Crecimiento en America Latina (Structural Heterogeneity, Technological Asymmetries and Growth in Latin America). Santiago de Chile: CEPAL-BID, 2005 (in Spanish).
- Cimoli, Mario, Primi, Annalisa, and Rovira, Sebstián. Sectoral Patterns of Learning, Technological Specificities and Innovative Behavior in Latin America: A Reflection on What Can We Learn and What We Cannot from National Innovation Surveys. Paper Presented to the 12th Conference of the International Joseph A. Schumpeter Society, Río de Janeiro, July 2-5, 2008.
- Cohen, Wesley, and Levinthal, Daniel. “Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of R&D.” The Economic Journal 99 (No. 397 1989): 569-96. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2233763]
- Cohen, Wesley, and Levinthal, Daniel. “Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation.” Administrative Science Quarterly Special Issue: Technology, Organizations, and Innovation 35 (No. 1 1990): 128-52. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2393553]
- Cohen, Wesley, Nelson, Richard, and Walsh, John. Protecting Their Intellectual Assets: Appropriablilty Conditions and Why U.S. Manufacturing Firms Patent (Or Not). National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper No. W7522, pp. 1-50, 2000. [https://doi.org/10.3386/w7552]
- Colander, David. Complexity and the History of Economic Though. Middlebury College Economics Discussion Paper No. 08-04, 2009.
- Coombs, Rod, and Metcalfe, Stan J. Universities, the Science Base and the Innovation Performance of the UK. CRIC Briefing Paper No. 5, http://www.cric.ac.uk/cric/Pdfs/bp5.pdf, , 2000.
- Coriat, Benjamin, and Weinstein, Olivier. “Organizations Firms and Institutions in the Generation of Innovations.” Research Policy 31 (No. 2 2002): 273-90. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00141-X]
- Cowan, Robin. Network Models of Innovation and Knowledge Diffusion. MERIT-Infonomics Research Memorandum Series No. 16, 2004.
- Cowan, R., David, P., and Foray, D. “The Explicit Economics of Knowledge Codification and Tacitness.” Industrial and Corporate Change 9 (No. 2 2000): 211-53. [https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/9.2.211]
- Crespi, Gustavo. National Innovation Surveys in Latin America: A Critical Assessment. Paper Presented to the 12th Conference of the International Joseph A. Schumpeter Society, Río de Janeiro, July 2-5, 2008.
- Cullen, Penny-Anne. “Contracting, Co-operative Relations and Extended Enterprises.” Technovation 20 (No. 7 2000): 363-72. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(99)00172-8]
- David, Paul. “Clio and the Economics of Qwerty.” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 75 (No. 2 1985): 332-7.
- David, Paul, and Foray, Dominique. “Percolation Structures, Markov Random Fields and the Economics of EDI Standard Diffusion.” In Gerard Pogorel (ed.), Global Telecommunications Strategies and Technological Changes. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1994.
- D’Este, Pablo, and Neely, Andy. “What are the Factors that Drive the Engagement of Academic Researchers in Knowledge Transfer Activities? Some Reflections for Future Research.” In John Bessant (ed.), Creating Wealth from Knowledge Meeting the Innovation Challenge. Edward Elgar, 2008.
- Dosi, Giovanni. “Some Thoughts on the Promises, Challenges and Dangers of an ‘Evolutionary Perspective’.” Journal of Evolutionary Economics 1 (No. 1 1991): 5-7. [https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01202333]
- Dosi, Giovanni, and Kaniovski, Y. “On ‘Badly Behaved’ Dynamics: Some Applications of Generalized of Urn Schemes to Technological and Economic Change.” Journal of Evolutionary Economics 4 (No. 2 1994): 93-123. [https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01200140]
- Dosi, Giovanni, Llerena, Patrick, and Labini, Mauro Sylos. “The Relationships between Science, Technologies and Their Industrial Exploitation: An Illustration through the Myths and Realities of the so-called ‘European Paradox'.” Research Policy 35 (No. 10 2006): 1450-64. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.09.012]
- Dosi, Giovanni, and Nelson, Richard. “An Introduction to Evolutionary Theories in Economics.” Journal of Evolutionary Economics 4 (No. 3 1994): 153-72. [https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01236366]
- Durlauf, Steven. What Should Policymakers Know about Economic Complexity? Santa Fe Institute Working Papers No. 97-10-080, http://www.santafe.edu/research/publications/workingpapers/97-10-080.pdf, 1997.
- Duysters, Geert, and Hagedoorn, John. “Internationalization of Corporate Technology through Strategic Partnering: An Empirical Investigation.” Research Policy 25 (No. 1 1996): 1-12. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(94)00803-5]
- Eom, Boo-Young, and Lee, Keun. Determinants of Industry-Academy Linkages and Their Impacts on Firm Performance: The Case of Korea as a Late-comer in Knowledge Industrialization. IDRC Workshop on the Developmental Universities, Mexico, September 2008.
- Erbes, Analía, Robert, Verónica, and Yoguel, Gabriel. “Capacities, Innovation and Feedbacks in Production Networks in Argentina.” Economics of Innovation and New Technologies, Summer 2010, Forthcoming. [https://doi.org/10.1080/10438590903040807]
- Erbes, Analía, Robert, Verónica, Yoguel, Gabriel, Borello, José, and Lebedinsky, Viviana. “Regímenes Tecnológico, de Conocimiento y Competencia en Diferentes Formas Organizacionales: La Dinámica Entre Difusión y Apropiación (Technological Regimes, Knowledge and Competition in Different Organizational Structures: the Dynamics between Diffusion and Appropriation).” Desarrollo Económico. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Economic Development. Journal of Social Science) 46 (No. 181 Abril-Junio 2006): 33-62 (in Spanish). [https://doi.org/10.2307/4151100]
- Erbes, Analía, Tacsir, Ezequiel, and Yoguel, Gabriel. Endogenous Competences and Linkages Development. Paper Presented to the 6th International Globelics Conference: New Insights for Understanding Innovation and Competence Building for Sustainable Development and Social Justice, México D. F., September 22-24, 2008.
- Fagerberg, Jan. “Schumpeter and the Revival of Evolutionary Economics: An Appraisal of the Literature.” Journal of Evolutionary Economics 13 (No. 2 April 2003): 125-59. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-003-0144-1]
- Fleming, L., and Sorenson, O. “Technology as a Complex Adaptive System: Evidence from Patent Data.” Research Policy 30 (No. 7 2001): 1019-39. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(00)00135-9]
- Formento, Héctor, Braidot, Néstor, and Pittaluga, Jorge. El Proceso de Mejora Continua en PyMEs Argentinas: Investigaciones y Modelos Posibles (The Process of Continuous Improvement in Argentinean SMEs: Research and Possible Models). Colección Publicación Electrónica UNGS-IDEI (UNGS-IDEI Electronic Paper Collection) No. 06, http://www.ungs.edu.ar/publicaciones/pdf/pe06.pdf, 2007 (in Spanish).
- Foster, John. “Economics and the Self-Organisation Approach: Alfred Marshall Revisited?” The Economic Journal 103 (No. 419 1993): 975-91. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2234714]
- Foster, John. “From Simplistic to Complex Systems in Economics.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 29 (No. 6 2005): 873-92. [https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bei083]
- Frenken, Koen. “Technological Innovation and Complexity Theory.” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 15 (No. 2 2006): 137-55. [https://doi.org/10.1080/10438590500141453]
- Fritsch, M., and Lukas, R. “Who Cooperates on R&D?” Research Policy 30 (No. 2 2001): 297–312. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00115-8]
- Garrido Noguera, Celso, and Padilla-Pérez, Ramón. Cooperation and Innovation in the Mexican Manufacturing Industry. Paper Presented to the 12th Conference of the International Joseph A. Schumpeter Society, Río de Janeiro, July 2-5, 2008.
- Giuliani, Elisa, and Bell, Martin. “The Micro-Determinants of Meso-Level Learning and Innovation: Evidence from a Chilean Wine Cluster.” Research Policy 24 (No. 1 2005): 47-68. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2004.10.008]
- Grandori, Anna, and Soda, Giuseppe. “Inter-Firm Networks: Antecedents, Mechanisms and Forms.” Organization Studies 16 (No. 2 1995): 183-214. [https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069501600201]
- Hakansson, Hakan, and Snehota, Ivan. “No Business is an Island: The Network Concept of Business Strategy.” Scandinavian Journal of Management 5 (No. 3 1989): 187-200. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-5221(89)90026-2]
- Hoff, Carla, and Stiglitz, Joseph. “La Teoría Económica Moderna y el Desarrollo (The Modern Economic Theory and the Development Process).” In Meier Gerald M., and Joseph Stiglitz (eds.), Fronteras de la Economía del Desarrollo. El Futuro en Perspectiva Histórica (Frontiers of Development Economics. The Future in an Historical Perspective). México D. F.: Banco Mundial-Alfaomega, 2002 (in Spanish).
- Holland, John. El Orden Oculto: De Cómo la Adaptación Crea la Complejidad (Hidden Order. How Adaptation Builds Complexity). México D. F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica (Economic Culture Found), 2004 (in Spanish).
- Humphrey, John, and Schmitz, Hubert. Governance and Upgrading: Linking Industrial Cluster and Global Value Chain Research. IDS Working Paper No. 120, University of Sussex, 2000.
- Humphrey, John, and Schmitz, Hubert. “How Does Insertion in Global Value Chains Affect Upgrading in Industrial Clusters?” Regional Studies 36 (No. 9 2002): 1017-27. [https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340022000022198]
- Johnson, Björn, Lorenz, Edward, and Lundvall, Bengt-Åke. “Why All This Fuss about Codified and Tacit Knowledge?” Industrial and Corporate Change 11 (No. 2 2002): 245-62. [https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/11.2.245]
- Kauffman, Stuart A. The Origins of Order. Oxford University Press, 1993.
- Kauffman, Stuart A. Investigaciones (Investigations). Tusgets, Metatemas, España, 2003 (in Spanish).
- Kleinknecht, Alfred, and Reijnen, Jeroen O. N. “Why Do Firms Cooperate on R&D? An Empirical Study.” Research Policy 21 (No. 4 1992): 347-60. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(92)90033-Z]
- Kupfer, David, and Avellar, Ana Paula. Appropriability Gap and Lack of Cooperation: Evidences from the Brazilian Innovation Survey. Paper Presented to the 12th Conference of the International Joseph A. Schumpeter Society, Río de Janeiro, July 2-5, 2008.
- Lane, David. “Complexity and Innovation Dynamics.” In C. Antonelli (ed.), Handbook on the System Dynamics of Technological Change. Elgard, 2011, Forthcoming.
- Lane, David, and Maxfield, Robert. “Foresight Complexity and Strategy.” In Brian Arthur, Steven Durlauf, and David Lane (eds.), The Economy as an Evolving Complex System II. Redwood City, CA: Addison Wesley, 1997.
- Laursen, Keld, and Salter, Ammon. “Searching High and Low: What Types of Firms Use Universities as a Source of Innovation?” Research Policy 33 (No. 8 2004): 1201-15. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2004.07.004]
- Lewin, Roger. Complejidad. El Caos Como Generador del Orden (Complexity. Life at the Edge of Chaos). Barcelona: Tusquets, 1992 (in Spanish).
- Lugones, G., and Suárez, Diana. “Los Magros Resultados de las Políticas Para el Cambio Estructural en América Latina: Problema Instrumental o Confusión de Objetivos? (The Meager Performance Structural Reforms Policies in Latin America: Instrumental Problem or Objectives Confusion?)” Documento de Trabajo (Centro Redes Working Papers Series) No. 27, Centro Redes, 2006 (in Spanish).
- Lundvall, Bengt-Åke, Intarakumnerd, Patarapong, and Vang-Lauridsen, Jan. Asia's Innovation Systems in Transition. Edward Elgard, 2006. [https://doi.org/10.4337/9781847201737]
- Malerba, Franco, and Orsenigo, Luigi. “Technological Regimes and Sectoral Patterns of Innovative Activities.” Industrial and Corporate Change 6 (No. 1 1997): 83-118. [https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/6.1.83]
- Malerba, Franco, and Orsenigo, Luigi. “Knowledge Innovative Activities and Industrial Evolution.” Industrial and Corporate Change 9 (No. 2 2000): 289-314. [https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/9.2.289]
- Marin, Anabel, and Bell, Martin. “Technology Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): The Active Role of MNC Subsidiaries in Argentina in the 1990s.” Journal of Development Studies 42 (No. 4 2006): 678-97. [https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380600682298]
- Metcalfe, Stan. “Knowledge of Growth and the Growth of Knowledge.” Journal of Evolutionary Economics 12 (Nos. 1-2 March 2002): 3-15. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-002-0107-y]
- Metcalfe, Stan. “Marshall’s Mecca: Reconciling the Theorist of Value and Development.” Economic Record 83 (No. 1 2007): 1-22. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2007.00411.x]
- Metcalfe, Stan, John Foster, J., and Ramlogan, Ronnie. “Adaptive Economic Growth.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 30 (No. 1 2006): 7-32. [https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bei055]
- Miotti, Luis, and Sachwald, Frédérique. “Co-operative R&D: Why and with Whom?: An Integrated Framework of Analysis.” Research Policy 32 (No. 8 2003): 1481-99. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00159-2]
- Monjon, Stephanie, and Waelbroeck, Patrick. “Assessing Spillovers from Universities to Firms: Evidence from French Firm-Level Data.” International Journal of Industrial Organization 21 (No. 9 2003): 1255-70. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7187(03)00082-1]
- Mowery, David, Oxley, Joanne, and Silverman, Brian. “Strategic Alliances and Interfirm Knowledge Transfer.” Strategic Management Journal 17 (Winter Special Issue 1996): 77-91. [https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250171108]
- Negassi, S. “R&D Co-operation and Innovation a Microeconometric Study on French Firms !” Research Policy 33 (No. 3 2004): 365-84. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2003.09.010]
- Nelson, Richard, and Winter, Sidney. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982.
- Nieto, María Jesús, and Santamaría, Lluis. “The Importance of Diverse Collaborative Networks for the Novelty of Product Innovation.” Technovation 27 (Nos. 6-7 2007): 367-77. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2006.10.001]
- Norman, Patricia. “Protecting Knowledge in Strategic Alliances. Resource and Relational Characteristic.” The Journal of High Technology Management Research 13 (No. 2 2002): 177-202. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S1047-8310(02)00050-0]
- North, Douglas. Instituciones, Cambio Institucional y Desempeño Económico (Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance). México D. F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica (Economic Culture Found), 1993 (in Spanish).
- Ocampo, José Antonio. “Economic Growth and the Dynamic of Prodcutiv Structure.” In José Antonio Ocampo (ed.), Beyond Reforms: Structural Dynamics and Macroeconomic Vulnerability. The World Bank-ECLAC, 2005. [https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-5819-7]
- Palma, Gabriel. “Four Sources of Deindustrialization and a New Concept of the Dutch Disease.” In José Antonio Ocampo (ed.), Beyond Reforms: Structural Dynamics and Macroeconomic Vulnerability. The World Bank-ECLAC, 2005.
- Perez, C. “Technological Revolutions, Paradigm Shifts and Socio-Institutional Change.” In E. Reinert (ed.), Globalization, Economic Development and Inequality: An Alternative Perspective. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, 2004.
- Perona, Eugenia. “The Confused State of Complexity Economics: An Ontological Explanation” In Massimo Salzano and David Colander (eds.), Complexity Hints for Economic Policy. Springer Milan, pp. 33-53, 2004. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0534-1_2]
- Pisano, G. “Profiting from Innovation and the Intellectual Property Revolution.” Research Policy 35 (No. 8 2006): 1122-30. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.09.008]
- Prigogine, Ilya, and Stengers, Isabel. La Nueva Alianza. La Metamorfosis de la Ciencia. (The New Alliance. The Metamorphosis of Science). Alianza, Ciencias, Espana, 1985 (in Spanish).
- Prigogine, Ilya, and Stengers, Isabel. Entre el Tiempo y la Etemidad (Between Time and eternity). Alianza, Ciencias, Buenos Aires, 1998 (in Spanish).
- Pujol, Andrea, Delfini, Marcelo, and Roitter, Sonia. “Impacto de la Organización del Trabajo en Los Procesos Formativos del Sector Automotriz Argentino (The Impact of Work Organization in the Formative Process of the Argentine Automotive Sector).” Revista Venezolana de Gerencia (Venezuelan Journal Management) 2010, Forthcoming (in Spanish).
- Reinert, Erik. “Competitiveness and Its Predecessors ― A 500 Years Cross National Perspective?” Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 6 (No. 1 1995): 23-42. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0954-349X(94)00002-Q]
- Reinert, Erik. How Rich Countries Got Rich and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor. London: Constanble, 2007.
- Richardson, George. “The Organization of Industry.” The Economic Journal 82 (No. 327 1972): 883-96. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2230256]
- Rivera Ríos, Miguel, Robert, Verónica, and Yoguel, Gabriel. “Cambio Tecnológico, Complejidad e Instituciones: Una Aproximación Desde la Estructura Industrial e Institucional de Argentina y Mé Xico (Technological Change, Complexity and Institutions: An Approach from the Perspective of Industrial and Institutional Structures in Mexico and Argentina).” Revista Problemas del Desarrollo (Journal Developmental Issues) 40 (No. 57 2009): 75-109 (in Spanish).
- Rodrik, Dani. The New Global Economy and Developing Countries: Making Openness Work. Overseas Development Council, 1999.
- Roitter, Sonia, Erbes, Analía, Yoguel, Gabriel, Delfini, Marcelo, and Pujol, Andrea. “Conocimiento, Organización del Trabajo y Empleo en Agentes Pertenecientes a las Tramas Productivas Automotriz y Siderúrgica (Knowledge, Work Organization and Employment in Automotive and Steel Production Networks).” Revista Economía: Teoría y Práctica (Journal Economics: Theory and Practice) 26 (2007): 69-118 (in Spanish).
- Rosenberg, Nathan. Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982. [https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611940]
- Ross, Jaime. “Divergence and Growth Collapses: Theory and Empirical Evidence.” In José Antonio Ocampo. (ed.), Beyond Reforms: Structural Dynamics and Macroeconomic Vulnerability. The World Bank-ECLAC, 2005.
- Santoro, Michael, and Gopalakrishnan, Shanthi. “The Institutionalization of Knowledge Transfer Activities within Industry-University Collaborative Ventures.” Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 17 (Nos. 3-4 2000): 299-319. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0923-4748(00)00027-8]
- Saviotti, P. “Networks, National Innovation Systems and Self Organization, Knowledge, Complexity and Innovaiton Systems.” In Fischer, Manfred M. and Fröhlich, Josef (eds.), Knowledge, Complexity and Innovation Systems. Springer, 2001. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04546-6_2]
- Schumpeter, Joseph. The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1934, First published in German, 1912.
- Schumpeter, Joseph. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1942.
- Silverberg, Gerald. “Long Waves: Conceptual, Empirical and Modelling Issues.” In Hanusch, H. and Pyka, A. (eds.), The Elgar Companion to Neo-Schumpeterian Economics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2003.
- Silverberg, Gerald, Dosi, Giovanni, and Orsenigo, Luigi. “Innovation, Diversity and Diffusion. A Self-Organization Model.” Economic Journal 98 (No. 393 1988): 1032-54. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2233718]
- Silverberg, Gerald, and Verspagen, Bart. “A Percolation Model of Innovation in Complex Technology Spaces.” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 29 (Nos. 1-2 2005): 225-44. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2003.05.005]
- Simon, H. A. “The Architecture of Complexity.” In Herbert Simon (ed.), The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 192-229, 1969.
- Stokes, Donald E. Pasteur's Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1997.
- Teece, David. “Profiting from Technological Innovation: Implications for Integration, Collaboration, Licensing and Public Policy.” Research Policy 15 (No. 6 1986): 285-305. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(86)90027-2]
- Teece, David. “Competition, Cooperation, and Innovation: Organizational Arragements for Regimes of Rapid Technological Progress.” Journal of Economic Behaviour & Organization 18 (No. 1 1992): 1-25.
- Teece, David, and Pisano, Gary. “The Dynamic Capabilities of Firms: An Introduction.” Industrial and Corporate Change 3 (No. 3 1994): 537-56. [https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/3.3.537-a]
- Tether, Bruce S. “Who Co-operates for Innovation, and Why an Empirical Analysis.” Research Policy 31 (No. 6 2002): 947-67. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00172-X]
- Tsai, Kuen-Hung, and Wang, Jiann-Chyuan. “External Technology Sourcing and Innovation Performance in LMT Sectors: An Analysis Based on the Taiwanese Technological Innovation Survey.” Research Policy 38 (No. 3 2009): 518-26. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.10.007]
- Vega-Jurado, Jaider, Gutierrez-Gracia, Antonio, Fernandez-de-Lucio, Ignacio, and Manjarrés-Henriquez, Liney. “The Effect of External and Internal Factors on Firms’ Product Innovation.” Research Policy 37 (No. 4 2008): 616-32. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.01.001]
- Veugelers, Reinhilde. “Internal R&D Expenditures and External Technology Sourcing.” Research Policy 26 (No. 3 1997): 303-15. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(97)00019-X]
- Veugelers, Reinhilde, and Cassiman, T. Bruno. “R&D Cooperation between Firms and Universities. Some Empirical Evidence from Belgian Manufacturing.” International Journal of Industrial Organization 23 (Nos. 5-6 2005): 355-79. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2005.01.008]
- Watts, Duncan. Small Worlds: The Dynamics of Networks between Order and Randomness. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.
- Winter, S. “The Logic of Appropriability: From Schumpeter to Arrow to Teece.” Research Policy 35 (No. 8 2006): 1100-6. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.09.010]
- Witt, Ulrich. “Self-Organization and Economics ― What is New ?” Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 8 (No. 4 October 1997): 489-507. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0954-349X(97)00022-2]
- Yoguel, Gabriel. “Tramas Productivas y Generación de Ventajas Competitivas: Un Abordaje Metodológico Para Pasar de la Firma Individual a la Red (Production Networks and Generation of Competitive Advantages: A Methodological Approach to Move from Individual Firm to the Network).” In Marta Novick and Hé ctor Palomino. (eds.), Estructura Productiva y Empleo (Production Structure and Employment). Buenos Aires: Miño y Dãvila, Ministerio de Trabajo, 2007 (in Spanish).
- Zahra, Shaker, and George, Gerard. “Absorptive Capacity: A Review Reconceptualization, and Extension.” Academy of Management Review 27 (No. 2 2002): 185-203. [https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2002.6587995]